Data for exercises are on Canvas under Files -> data_exercises –> linear-models
Exercise 1 (Brozek score) Researchers collected age, weight, height and 10 body circumference measurements for 252 men in an attempt to find an alternative way of calculate body fat as oppose to measuring someone weight and volume, the latter one by submerging in a water tank. Is it possible to predict body fat using easy-to-record measurements?
Use lm() function and fit a linear method to model brozek, score estimate of percent body fat
- find \(R^2\) and \(R^2(adj)\)
- assess the diagnostics plots to check for model assumptions
- delete observation #86 with the highest Cook’s distance and re-fit the model (model.clean)
- look at the model summary. Are all variables associated with brozek score?
- try improving the model fit by removing variables with the highest p-value first and re-fitting the model until all the variables are significantly associated with the response (p value less than 0.1); note down the \(R^2(adj)\) values while doing so
- compare the output models for model.clean and final model
To access and preview the data:
Answers to selected exercises
## brozek siri density age weight height adipos free neck chest abdom hip
## 1 12.6 12.3 1.0708 23 154.25 67.75 23.7 134.9 36.2 93.1 85.2 94.5
## 2 6.9 6.1 1.0853 22 173.25 72.25 23.4 161.3 38.5 93.6 83.0 98.7
## 3 24.6 25.3 1.0414 22 154.00 66.25 24.7 116.0 34.0 95.8 87.9 99.2
## 4 10.9 10.4 1.0751 26 184.75 72.25 24.9 164.7 37.4 101.8 86.4 101.2
## 5 27.8 28.7 1.0340 24 184.25 71.25 25.6 133.1 34.4 97.3 100.0 101.9
## 6 20.6 20.9 1.0502 24 210.25 74.75 26.5 167.0 39.0 104.5 94.4 107.8
## thigh knee ankle biceps forearm wrist
## 1 59.0 37.3 21.9 32.0 27.4 17.1
## 2 58.7 37.3 23.4 30.5 28.9 18.2
## 3 59.6 38.9 24.0 28.8 25.2 16.6
## 4 60.1 37.3 22.8 32.4 29.4 18.2
## 5 63.2 42.2 24.0 32.2 27.7 17.7
## 6 66.0 42.0 25.6 35.7 30.6 18.8
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + height + neck + abdom +
## hip + thigh + knee + ankle + biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.2664 -2.5658 -0.0798 2.8976 9.3204
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -17.063433 14.489336 -1.178 0.24011
## age 0.056520 0.029888 1.891 0.05983 .
## weight -0.085513 0.045170 -1.893 0.05954 .
## height -0.059703 0.086695 -0.689 0.49171
## neck -0.439315 0.214802 -2.045 0.04193 *
## abdom 0.875779 0.070589 12.407 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.192118 0.132655 -1.448 0.14885
## thigh 0.237304 0.131793 1.801 0.07303 .
## knee -0.006595 0.222832 -0.030 0.97642
## ankle 0.164831 0.204681 0.805 0.42144
## biceps 0.149530 0.157693 0.948 0.34397
## forearm 0.424885 0.182801 2.324 0.02095 *
## wrist -1.474317 0.494475 -2.982 0.00316 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.98 on 239 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7489, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7363
## F-statistic: 59.4 on 12 and 239 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + height + neck + abdom +
## hip + thigh + knee + ankle + biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.2664 -2.5658 -0.0798 2.8976 9.3204
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -17.063433 14.489336 -1.178 0.24011
## age 0.056520 0.029888 1.891 0.05983 .
## weight -0.085513 0.045170 -1.893 0.05954 .
## height -0.059703 0.086695 -0.689 0.49171
## neck -0.439315 0.214802 -2.045 0.04193 *
## abdom 0.875779 0.070589 12.407 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.192118 0.132655 -1.448 0.14885
## thigh 0.237304 0.131793 1.801 0.07303 .
## knee -0.006595 0.222832 -0.030 0.97642
## ankle 0.164831 0.204681 0.805 0.42144
## biceps 0.149530 0.157693 0.948 0.34397
## forearm 0.424885 0.182801 2.324 0.02095 *
## wrist -1.474317 0.494475 -2.982 0.00316 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.98 on 239 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7489, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7363
## F-statistic: 59.4 on 12 and 239 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + hip + thigh +
## knee + ankle + biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.2830 -2.6162 -0.1017 2.8789 9.3713
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -22.66569 11.97691 -1.892 0.05963 .
## age 0.05948 0.02954 2.013 0.04521 *
## weight -0.09829 0.04114 -2.389 0.01765 *
## neck -0.43444 0.21445 -2.026 0.04389 *
## abdom 0.88762 0.06839 12.979 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.17180 0.12919 -1.330 0.18483
## thigh 0.25327 0.12960 1.954 0.05183 .
## knee -0.02318 0.22128 -0.105 0.91665
## ankle 0.17300 0.20411 0.848 0.39752
## biceps 0.15695 0.15715 0.999 0.31894
## forearm 0.43091 0.18239 2.363 0.01895 *
## wrist -1.51011 0.49120 -3.074 0.00235 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.976 on 240 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7484, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7369
## F-statistic: 64.9 on 11 and 240 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + hip + thigh +
## ankle + biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.2552 -2.5979 -0.1133 2.8693 9.3584
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -23.08716 11.25781 -2.051 0.04137 *
## age 0.05875 0.02864 2.051 0.04134 *
## weight -0.09965 0.03897 -2.557 0.01117 *
## neck -0.43088 0.21131 -2.039 0.04253 *
## abdom 0.88875 0.06740 13.186 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.17231 0.12884 -1.337 0.18234
## thigh 0.24942 0.12403 2.011 0.04544 *
## ankle 0.16946 0.20089 0.844 0.39974
## biceps 0.15847 0.15616 1.015 0.31123
## forearm 0.42946 0.18150 2.366 0.01876 *
## wrist -1.51470 0.48823 -3.102 0.00215 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.968 on 241 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7484, Adjusted R-squared: 0.738
## F-statistic: 71.69 on 10 and 241 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + hip + thigh +
## biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.0740 -2.5615 -0.1021 2.7999 9.3199
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -20.61247 10.86240 -1.898 0.0589 .
## age 0.05727 0.02857 2.004 0.0461 *
## weight -0.09141 0.03770 -2.424 0.0161 *
## neck -0.45458 0.20931 -2.172 0.0308 *
## abdom 0.88098 0.06673 13.203 <2e-16 ***
## hip -0.17575 0.12870 -1.366 0.1733
## thigh 0.25504 0.12378 2.061 0.0404 *
## biceps 0.15178 0.15587 0.974 0.3311
## forearm 0.42805 0.18138 2.360 0.0191 *
## wrist -1.40948 0.47175 -2.988 0.0031 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.965 on 242 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7477, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7383
## F-statistic: 79.67 on 9 and 242 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + hip + thigh +
## forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.0574 -2.7411 -0.1912 2.6929 9.4977
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -20.06213 10.84654 -1.850 0.06558 .
## age 0.05922 0.02850 2.078 0.03876 *
## weight -0.08414 0.03695 -2.277 0.02366 *
## neck -0.43189 0.20799 -2.077 0.03889 *
## abdom 0.87721 0.06661 13.170 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.18641 0.12821 -1.454 0.14727
## thigh 0.28644 0.11949 2.397 0.01727 *
## forearm 0.48255 0.17251 2.797 0.00557 **
## wrist -1.40487 0.47167 -2.978 0.00319 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.965 on 243 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7467, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7383
## F-statistic: 89.53 on 8 and 243 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + thigh + forearm +
## wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.0193 -2.8016 -0.1234 2.9387 9.0019
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -30.17420 8.34200 -3.617 0.000362 ***
## age 0.06149 0.02852 2.156 0.032047 *
## weight -0.11236 0.03151 -3.565 0.000437 ***
## neck -0.37203 0.20434 -1.821 0.069876 .
## abdom 0.85152 0.06437 13.229 < 2e-16 ***
## thigh 0.20973 0.10745 1.952 0.052099 .
## forearm 0.51824 0.17115 3.028 0.002726 **
## wrist -1.40081 0.47274 -2.963 0.003346 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.974 on 244 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7445, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7371
## F-statistic: 101.6 on 7 and 244 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + height + neck + abdom +
## hip + thigh + knee + ankle + biceps + forearm + wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.2664 -2.5658 -0.0798 2.8976 9.3204
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -17.063433 14.489336 -1.178 0.24011
## age 0.056520 0.029888 1.891 0.05983 .
## weight -0.085513 0.045170 -1.893 0.05954 .
## height -0.059703 0.086695 -0.689 0.49171
## neck -0.439315 0.214802 -2.045 0.04193 *
## abdom 0.875779 0.070589 12.407 < 2e-16 ***
## hip -0.192118 0.132655 -1.448 0.14885
## thigh 0.237304 0.131793 1.801 0.07303 .
## knee -0.006595 0.222832 -0.030 0.97642
## ankle 0.164831 0.204681 0.805 0.42144
## biceps 0.149530 0.157693 0.948 0.34397
## forearm 0.424885 0.182801 2.324 0.02095 *
## wrist -1.474317 0.494475 -2.982 0.00316 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.98 on 239 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7489, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7363
## F-statistic: 59.4 on 12 and 239 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = brozek ~ age + weight + neck + abdom + thigh + forearm +
## wrist, data = fat)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -10.0193 -2.8016 -0.1234 2.9387 9.0019
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -30.17420 8.34200 -3.617 0.000362 ***
## age 0.06149 0.02852 2.156 0.032047 *
## weight -0.11236 0.03151 -3.565 0.000437 ***
## neck -0.37203 0.20434 -1.821 0.069876 .
## abdom 0.85152 0.06437 13.229 < 2e-16 ***
## thigh 0.20973 0.10745 1.952 0.052099 .
## forearm 0.51824 0.17115 3.028 0.002726 **
## wrist -1.40081 0.47274 -2.963 0.003346 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 3.974 on 244 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7445, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7371
## F-statistic: 101.6 on 7 and 244 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Note: we have just run a very simple feature selection using stepwise regression. In this method, using backward elimination, we build a model containing all the variables and remove them one by one based on defined criteria (here we have used p-values) and we stop when we have a justifiable model or when removing a predictor does not change the chosen criterion significantly.
